Rabbi Mark Asher Goodman
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Dvar Torah Rosh Hashanah 5787 -  The Objects That Define Us

9/29/2026

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Objects define us. Well, let me qualify that a little. Objects are one of the many things in life that help define us. They are us, and they are also not us. When you pick up an object, maybe something in your home, maybe an article of clothing you have had for a long time, sometimes it will trigger a memory. Maybe you wore that sweater you’re holding in a picture from a family gathering that’s in your photo album, surrounded by loved ones. Maybe you remember when and where you bought it, and maybe who was with you. Maybe the sweater has a little stain on the sleeve from that dinner you had with your kids where it nudged up against the ketchup from the fries, and three dry cleaners have tried and failed to remove it.

We are not the sweater, but the sweater is part of who we are.

Now, the tension for me in discussing the importance of objects is that it runs against one of the major tenants of Hassidic thought that I love to study so dearly. In Hassidut, there is a big idea, derived from Kabbalah, that the universe is split into two forms - ruchaniut and gashmiut - spirituality and physicality, or in fancy language, corporeality, from the root word corpus or body. The best way to explain it would be to quote a more familiar philosophical voice to some of you, the British rocker Sting, who once sang ‘We are spirits, in the material world.’ The grand idea here is that there is a tension between the soul of a person, which is gifted by God and transcends the physical nature of the universe, and the reality we were indeed placed in a physical world, with delicious hamburgers and ketchup stains on sweaters and pictures of your grandmother on the mantle that conjure up wonderful memories of Rosh Hashanahs past with chicken soup bubbling on the stove.

I say this specifically because objects have been on my mind for the past several months here at Brith Sholom, and on the minds of your leadership as we wind things down. A number of our members have been hard at work cataloging items and donating, distributing, or assigning items, and I can not thank them enough for their time. Thank you to everyone that has put in the time to make sure our books, both  sacred and less sacred, from a handwritten Megillot Esther on parchment to Huck Finn in Yiddish, goes to a new home or a place of eternal rest after a long life in service to the Jews of Erie.

We also, of course, have had to find places for so many other physical things - yahrtzeit plaques and confirmation photos and sifrei torah. So that you know, the remaining four Torahs are all going to good homes - the beautiful Sefardic one in a wood case with silver breastwork will go to Anshe Chesed to be on display and for use. I think maybe Evie Hodgeson might be in line to read from it in a few years, as her big sister read it before her. And another Torah will go to Rabbi Morais and Albion Correctional. A third Torah will be in use with me down in Pittsburgh, and in fact has already done duty of the summer at two benei mitzvahs - so thank you all for that precious gift. The final of our four Torahs is going to the northern Rocky Mountains, to the Jewish community of Grand County, who meet monthly for Friday night services, but whose nearest Torah is 100 miles away in Routt County, where I used to serve as rabbi to Steamboat Springs.

In this process of material dissolution, I was gifted three items last month by our president, Doris Pinski. The focal point of my dvar torah today is these three items, because I think there is a way of reflecting on some aspect of those items and the meaning of those items in a way that illuminates our own predicaments as we go into a new year by closing one community, by concluding one chapter of Erie’s Jewish history, and opening another. 

Most rabbis will drash the story of Hagar at Rosh Hashanah, or the story of Isaac and the ram. Most rabbis will parse the meaning of repentance, or tzedakah, or the sound of the rams horn. Some rabbis will delve into the political hot potatoes of Israel and antisemitism; or they will attempt to recenter our community around tikkun olam or our moral obligations. This year, I want to tell the story of three objects, found at the bottom of a closet or in the unused gift shop at 3207 State St, Erie, PA 16508. Those three objects are: a typewriter, a cookbook, and a guitar.
We start with the typewriter. First of all, typewriters by themselves are a fascinating artifact of a bygone era, and they long have given me philosophical pause about the nature of advancement, and humanity, and work, and the meaning of life. In the internet era, and now with talk of A.I., we are once again discussing the notion of human obsolescence - about whole swaths of people becoming redundant with technology that can replace them. Chat GPT can draft a pretty decent version of a letter to donors or congregants or clients if I tell it what I need - so maybe we don’t need secretaries. Claude AI can now code in any of the most popular coding languages, and we have reached a point where Computer Science grads might still be learning C++ or Python, but we’re not entirely sure why. Lawyers aren’t sure they’ll need paralegals. And although art will never be replaced by computers nor theater by digital AI actors, basic graphic design could be replaced by A.I. 

All of this reminds me of an expression I heard long ago about the obsolescence of workers - which is that you don’t want to be the last person working in the typewriter ribbon industry. Typewriters are a bit like Judaism in a worst case scenario - they’re a device of historic and ancient significance, but something neat to admire, but not actually use. But of course, typewriters evolved over time, first into a little computer-like device called a word processor in the 70s and 80s, and then into the modern personal computers we know today. Judaism, too, is a balance between a thing that constantly evolves and a beautiful object from the past to be admired.

Now this particular typewriter is a thing of beauty - a green Olympia SM3 De Luxe, from the late 50s or early 60s. They aren’t especially rare on ebay, or that expensive. However, this Olympia SM3 is very rare and very special. Because it is a typewriter that types in Hebrew.

That makes it somewhat rare. There are probably plenty of Hebrew typewriters in Israel. But a quick search of ebay reveals not one is available in the US. Hebrew typewriters are also uniquely complex - you might think - whats the big deal, a typewriter manufacturer just needs to swap out all the little keystroke bar arms with Hebrew letters and they’re done, right? But then you remember that Hebrew goes from right to left. The carriage of the typewriter needs to be specially manufactured to go backwards from how the normal latin letter carriage goes. The other thing about a Hebrew typewriter is that using it is a funny and special skill. Many of you read Hebrew. Some of you can chant in Hebrew for Haftarah or Torah. Some of you maybe learned to write in cursive Hebrew. But probably none of you learned to type in Hebrew. I taught myself to type in Hebrew back in rabbinic school, and it’s a useful skill on occasion.

All those elements are symbolic of Brith Sholom. Uniqueness, specialness, the need for additional effort in order to remain meaningful. To be a Jew in Erie is very special, and to belong to Brith Sholom, the Conservative synagogue, has always been very very special. It takes literacy and effort and love to do what you all have been doing - to take this ancient faith and keep using it, because it is beautiful, like the green Olympia SM3 typewriter. And like a typewriter, you also produce something beautiful with it - for us, we produce spiritual centeredness and a rootedness in our faith and traditions, as well as lovely tunes and warm community. For the typewriter, it produces poetry, or prose, or probably in Brith Sholom’s example, a list of yahrzeits with correctly typed Hebrew names. The other thing that makes our typewriter like Erie - it’s durable. Just yesterday, I put a piece of paper in and hammered the keys, and even after sitting in a box for 40 plus years, it still types perfectly. Just like you all - a congregation that still gets the job done after 129 years of faithful service.

The second object is one that all of you were given - it is Brith Sholom’s sisterhood cookbook, titled ‘Apples and Honey, Recipes for a Sweet New Year’, printed in 1998. It is functional and useful, as all cookbooks should be. I like cooking, and I will definitely use a bunch of these recipes, specifically the Arlene Sandelstein’s Ricotta Latkes on page 29 and Shirley Brown’s Better than Sex German chocolate cake on page 64 - that one both for the name and because folks testified at our final Shabbat service that it truly is incredible, although I’m not so sure about the name.

Mostly, though, I will treasure this cookbook for the names contained in it. There are congregants we all know and love in there and that will stay friends, like Paula Schwartz and Faith Lifshen and Doris Pinski and Laurel Rider and Felice Oppenheim and Shelly Benjamin. And then there are the folks who have passed who I had the pleasure of knowing, like Arlene Sandelstein and Judy Shapiro and Beth Lester and Carl Cohen. But then theres more folks - folks I never had the pleasure to meet, but only dutifully have read their yahrtzeit names out for the past eight years, like Shirely Brown and Lil Steinberg and Betty Radov. All sacred communities are built on the deeds of people like these, folks who came and prayed and supported the institution, who had anniversaries and bar mitzvahs here, and who served on committees and cleaned up after kiddushes. Women than played mahjong or bingo and men that played in the church basketball league in our social hall. Folks who long ago departed from this world, but their names are still read out and remembered half a century later, or more. Even though this high holidays will be the last time we read some of those names from the bimah, and even though the yahrtzeit plaques will come down from the wall, the cookbook, and the living past members of Brith Sholom Jewish Center will carry on the memory of those that came before us for the rest of our lives.

The final item gifted to me by Doris and Brith Sholom was an old guitar. Doris pointed to it in the closet of the office back a few years ago, a dusty, smallish little thing with only five strings and a flimsy steel bridge, and I glanced at it and thought ‘that’s probably a worthless piece of junk’, and I didn’t take it. Call it sentiment, or curiosity, but last month Doris offered it up again and I took it home. It helps that I’ve been playing guitar three or four times a week for the past year solid in an effort to get better. So I googled around a little, and it’s a Stella brand harmony guitar, size zero, which is the smallest size. It’s a parlor guitar, sometimes called a student guitar, and was made in the early 1970s. It has a sunburst paint job and a distinctive batwing pickguard, and comes with a metal lower brace. It’s not particularly valuable or rare, and they made a lot of em for beginners back in the day. But the parlor size guitar was the size preferred by the late great Dolly Parton, so it is beloved by some.

Like I said, it only had five strings, and when I picked it up it sounded really chunky and metallic and it buzzed a bit. So I cut the old strings off and put on new ones and tuned it, and I’ve been playing it non stop for about four weeks, and I really like the sound. It’s a little buzzy in spots and it’s not as thick as my Yamaha Dreadnought style guitar, but I like it and I’m gonna keep it. It’ll always remind me of this place and this congregation. 

Besides being a metaphor for this community, which I’ll get to in a sec, this forlorn and forgotten guitar speaks to me personally, too. I have always had a bit of a chip on my shoulder, maybe for good reason, maybe not. Sometimes I’ve felt in my life like I was counted out - an afterthought, or someone not expected to contribute much. I had ADD in high school, and my teachers mostly chalked it up as laziness or poor discipline. In sports I was undersized, underspeed, understrength. When I applied to rabbinic school in the Conservative movement, folks doubted whether I had the right background, or the academic credentials, or the Hebrew grammatical acumen to survive the rigorous five year graduate education. And yet here I stand before you - having received a double varsity letter in high school sports, a graduate of Conservative rabbinic school with an honorary doctorate, a published author of an advanced work of translated hassidic texts, and most importantly, your rabbi. 

My favorite biblical verse has always been one from psalm 118 - Even ma’asu habonim, hayita le’rosh pinah - the stone that the builder refused shall always be the head cornerstone. What that means is - stone bridges and archways for the past 3000 years have been constructed with a keystone resting at the center to anchor and lock the entire structure together. Without it, the whole thing collapses. The verse tells us that that which humans reject and pass over might ultimately serve as the most critical element in the build. Never count anyone or anything out - not a rabbi with ADD, or a beat up old guitar in a closet, or a congregation from what some might regard as a forgotten corner of the state - the once great manufacturing town of Erie PA - a city that for those who know her, never stopped being great. The stone that the builder refused shall always be the head cornerstone

Back to this guitar and this congregation - what I want to say is this - it sat in a guitar for probably 20 years and nobody touched it, but all it needed was some new strings and it was all ready to go on to a second life of bringing joy and music. And that’s the message of Rosh Hashanah, isn’t it? 

Renewal is constant, and nothing ever ends. 

We take something when it seems like it’s done, and we love it a little, and we breathe new life into it, and we give it a second chance. That’s a metaphor for us, for certain. We make mistakes and we fall down and we get back up and keep going, from 5786 into 5787. And also, we are never beyond repair or without value. Though we may be counted out, we rise again to play a song another day. 

But also, that new life can happen wherever. Brith Sholom’s closing is the end of a chapter, both in the life of Erie’s Jewish history, and in your life. Each of us goes on to a new Jewish life elsewhere, probably here at Anshe Chesed down on Old Zuck Road. But maybe in Maine. Or in New York. Or maybe in Cleveland or Buffalo, and you know you’ll always be welcome at my Jewish community in Pittsburgh, the coffee shop and Jewish learning space we call Shoresh, the Hebrew word for source. The strings change, but the guitar still plays.

With that, I want to end with a song. It’s a special song. If you like movies, this one was in the Coen Brothers film ‘O Brother Where Art Thou’. It’s an old timey American classic called ‘I’ll fly away’, about the end of life. In the song, there is a recognition that the end of one thing leads to something else. In Pirkei Avot 4:16 our rabbis teach
רַבִּי יַעֲקֹב אוֹמֵר, הָעוֹלָם הַזֶּה דּוֹמֶה לִפְרוֹזְדוֹר בִּפְנֵי הָעוֹלָם הַבָּא. הַתְקֵן עַצְמְךָ בַפְּרוֹזְדוֹר, כְּדֵי שֶׁתִּכָּנֵס לַטְּרַקְלִין:
Rabbi Jacob said: this world is like a vestibule before the world to come; prepare yourself in the vestibule, so that you may enter the banqueting-hall. 

There is a famous aphorism ‘there are no second acts in American life.’ I don’t believe that. I think we live many lives. I think all of you have had many lives. And maybe in this life, counter to the aphorism, you will all go on to a second act of Jewish life, and you will take all the memories and the friends, the songs and the prayers, the people and the feelings of this place with you as you continue your Jewish journey wherever God may lead you. With that, enjoy this song from this old guitar that Doris dug out of the closet. 

And forgive any errors or wrong notes I may strike. This is after all, the season of forgiveness. 
Misc Traditional -- Ill Fly Away TabNO CAPO, OR CAPO 3

VERSE 1:
G                                                                C        G
Some glad morning when this life is o'er, I'll fly away
G                                                       D7        G
To a home on God's celestial shore, I'll fly away

CHORUS:
G                 G7         C        G
I'll fly away, O glory, I'll fly away
G                                                  D7   G
When I die, hallelujah, by and by I'll fly away

VERSE 2:
G                                                                 C        G
When the shadows of this life have grown, I'll fly away
G                                                            D7   G
Like a bird from prison bars has flown, I'll fly away

CHORUS:
G                 G7          C        G
I'll fly away, O glory, I'll fly away
G                                                  D7   G
When I die, hallelujah, by and by I'll fly away
VERSE 3:

G              G7
O how glad and happy when we meet,
C          G  
I'll fly a-way. No more cold iron
Em                   G    D7    G
Shackles on my feet, I'll fly a-way.

CHORUS:
G                 G7          C        G
I'll fly away, O glory, I'll fly away
G                                                  D7   G
When I die, hallelujah, by and by I'll fly away
VERSE 4:

G                                      C        G
Just a few more weary days, and then, I'll fly away
G                                           D7   G
To a land where joys shall never end, I'll fly away

CHORUS:
G                 G7     C        G
I'll fly away, O glory, I'll fly away
G    C  G                              D7   G
When I die, hallelujah, by and by I'll fly away

Guitartabs.cc © 2026
Misc Traditional -- Ill Fly Away TabVERSE 3:

G              G7
O how glad and happy when we meet,
C          G  
I'll fly a-way. No more cold iron
Em                   G    D7    G
Shackles on my feet, I'll fly a-way.

CHORUS:
G                 G7          C        G
I'll fly away, O glory, I'll fly away
G                                                  D7   G
When I die, hallelujah, by and by I'll fly away
VERSE 4:

G                                                             C        G
Just a few more weary days, and then, I'll fly away
G                                                              D7   G
To a land where joys shall never end, I'll fly away

CHORUS:
G                 G7     C        G
I'll fly away, O glory, I'll fly away
G    C  G                              D7   G
When I die, hallelujah, by and by I'll fly away
NO CAPO, OR CAPO 3

VERSE 1:
G                                                                C        G
Some glad morning when this life is o'er, I'll fly away
G                                                       D7        G
To a home on God's celestial shore, I'll fly away

CHORUS:
G                 G7         C        G
I'll fly away, O glory, I'll fly away
G                                                  D7   G
When I die, hallelujah, by and by I'll fly away

VERSE 2:
G                                                                 C        G
When the shadows of this life have grown, I'll fly away
G                                                            D7   G
Like a bird from prison bars has flown, I'll fly away

CHORUS:
G                 G7          C        G
I'll fly away, O glory, I'll fly away
G                                                  D7   G
When I die, hallelujah, by and by I'll fly away



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Dvar Torah Yizkor Shavuot 5786 - Cut Strawberries

5/23/2026

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I have this powerful memory of my grandmother that pops up often, in fact, every time I’m cutting strawberries for my kids lunch, but also every time I take something for granted or don’t appreciate one of life’s small joys like a juicy tomato or a nice sunset. Once many years ago, when my grandmother’s hand was no longer steady and she could use my help in the kitchen, I was cutting the tops off of the strawberries for us, and she complained that I was cutting away too much of the usable good red fruit. I said grandma, its mostly the white part and the leaves I’m cutting. And she said ‘cut closer to the stem. Don’t waste any of it.’ 

Now, this was of course a practical request - my grandmother hated waste and was exceptionally frugal. She clipped coupons well past the point when she financially did not have to clip coupons. She stripped every bit of meat off of chicken bones. She put towels over the couch in the den so that it wouldn’t wear out or get dirty.

But there is something about being careful to cut a strawberry so as to maximize eating every bit of the sweet part and not waste any of the goodness that stays with me, both literally and as a metaphor for life that will stay with me always. My grandmother was constantly expressing, in ways big and small, that life is a gift, and every moment in life is a gift, and being alive is to be present in those moments, big and small. And of course a lot of that was because, as a holocaust survivor, she had known loss and deprivation in a way none of us do. But also she was just a really special person. She had an unflinching joie de vivre that has always inspired me in how to live. I am who I am today because she, and so many other wonderful people, instructed me by their example how to live a life of purpose.

A shul community is not just a place that a person terms for friendship or camaraderie, or a semi-anonymous prayer space where folks can find 9 other people to help them say kaddish or a free plate of tuna pasta salad – even though those things are important. A shul community is also a place where we live our values, and witness other people’s values rub off on us. It is not a place of Torah in principle, but a place of Torah in action, and in doing so, it becomes a place where we instruct one another about how to live a life of purpose in a million little lop-the-top-off-the-strawberries-but-not-too-much ways, day after day, week after week, year after year. We do it alongside Torah and Mitzvot, and in the presence of Torah, and in the name of mitzvot like prayer and study. But the main way in which we transmit and re-affirm the eternal values of God and the Jewish people is in the memories we create for one another in this place that give our lives lives of purpose.

And you have all done that for me these past five years as a rabbi here, not to mention the total 8 years I have been here as either member or staff. You have made memories for me that illustrate how to live a life well and with intent.

You do it in so many ways. Sheldon Catz does it by trilling the repetition to the amidah in precisely the same comforting way, each and every time he does it. Audrey Glickman showed me how the little things matter at a funeral a few years ago when the temperature at graveside was somewhere around 8 degrees, and yet she insisted on staying until all the other mourners had left. Barbara Rosenstein did it by giving me a tour of her house on a visit a few years ago and putting out the tea kettle for me and asking about how I was doing, even though I was the one who was supposedly doing a pastoral visit. Rich and Helen Feder and Chris Hall and Ronna Harris did it a few years ago when we created a small medical gemach - a medical devices lending library - in our basements and garages a few years ago. We have picked up and dropped off, receiving and given wheelchairs and walkers, kneescooters and rollators to 60 people in need over the years, but those interactions and loans have also allow me to console folks cleaning out their mother’s apartments after a passing or more importantly to let Chris or Helen do that work of consoling and connecting. 

Kenny and Max Steinberg show me their zest for life in their epic 3 hour walks on saturday mornings together. Dee Selekman does it by making sure we all have breakfast every morning in minyan. Ira Frank does it by carrying someone’s child around the sanctuary to give that parent a little break now and again, not to mention showing up to morning minyan as often as he can and handing out honors. Paula Eger and Judy Bardack - excuse me - RABBI judy bardack, inspire me to be the best teacher I can by faithfully coming to as many Torah classes as they can and always asking sharp questions.

I have learned about life and how to live it from the roughly 35 benei mitzvah speeches I have helped our kids prepare. I have seen how impactful our religion and our tradition is in the 20 or so conversion students I have worked with. I have learned how to grieve and to be present and how to be consoled from the two dozen funerals I have performed. I have moments of laughter and song, and sometimes wanting to bang my head against the wall for lack of any hair left to tear out when working with the 120 or so religious school children I have taught. It’s in the religious services and youth tefillah meetings that I have attended - watching people argue for hours over whether the yahrtzeit list should be made shorter or longer, whether women should either emphatically encouraged or merely strongly directly towards putting on a tallit at the bimah, or how to best have children’s programming during covid. All of these small moments of lopping-the-top-off-the-strawberry have taught me something, about people, and reciprocally, about myself - what values I have, and what values I must adopt. Who I am, and how I must grow.

I love to find the perfect hassidic text, but also I don’t have the worlds greatest memory, so sometimes I entrust that God will reveal to me the right text in the near term that my imperfect brain can recall for the right moment. So while this may not be the greatest hassidic text of all time, it is, at least by Divine provenance and the limits of recall, the right text for now. A few weeks ago when we learned parshat Tazria Metzora, the text opens with the words “When a woman conceives and bears a male child, she shall be impure seven days; like the days of her menstrual infirmity she shall be impure.” The Sfat Emet, Rabbi Yehuda Leib Alter of Ger, uses that text as a pivot to talk about the forming of the human body as a material thing in contrast to God’s body, which the midrash teaches is effectively all the matter of the universe. But of course, if humans are created in the image of God, than the first human, Adam, was also the sum total of all the matter of the universe - if not in size, than definitely in shape.
 
He says ‘In the midrash it is taught ‘ “Front and back you made me” (Psalm 139:5); for the human is the form of all the world (Vayikra Rabbah 14:1). And thus, one human is the collective sum total of all.’

The Sfat Emet continues by saying:
 ובאמת חומר האדם גם מכל הנבראים.
In truth, the physical matter of a person is more crude than all that was created. 
 כי האדם נברא שישלים את עצמו במעשיו.
But a person was created such that they make themselves complete by their actions.
 וע"י שישלים חומרו הגרוע מכולם.
And this is done by improving the deficient nature of everything and everyone [around them]. 
 יביא וימשיך קדושה לכל הנבראים מגדול ועד קטן.
One brings and continues holiness for all creation around them, from great to small.
 לזאת כולם קדמו לבריאת האדם. רק אם זכה ובא לשורשו.
As such, everything came before the creation of Adam/the human. Only if one merits it will they come to The Source.

In other words, we were essentially made the same as all the other animals, and our bodies are crude and unelevated material. But. By lopping the tops off of the strawberries, and teaching the children, and making breakfast for morning minyan, and helping people grieve by showing up for their shivahs, and by living our lives in ways that we honor and remember how our departed loved ones made breakfast and showed up to shivah and taught children, we elevate our own crude matter into something greater, something befitting of the Divine image in which God fashioned us.
 וע"י שישלים חומרו הגרוע מכולם.
And this is done by improving the deficient nature of everything and everyone [around them]. 
 יביא וימשיך קדושה לכל הנבראים מגדול ועד קטן.
One brings and continues holiness for all creation around them, from great to small.
ובא לשורשו.
And they will come to Their Source - to God.

This all is reflective of a line we will soon say in El Male Rachamim, the ‘God full of mercy’ prayer, the penultimate prayer of the Yizkor service.
בַּעַל הָרַחֲמִים יַסְתִּירֵהוּ בְּסֵתֶר כְּנָפָיו לְעוֹלָמִים, וְיִצְרוֹר בִּצְרוֹר הַחַיִּים אֶת נִשְׁמָתוֹ
Master of mercy, shelter my dear departed loved one under your wings forever, and may their soul be bound up in the bond of life. 

That line – may their soul be bound up in the bond of life – hangs upon me every time I sing it. It is so prescient and impactful that I literally feel it tingling in my arms and feel it heavy on my chest even before I come to it when I sing it in morning minyan or at a shiva or a funeral or an unveiling. And now I will tell you all something I’ve never told anyone before - although I think Mindy probably knows because she and I have a bizarre ability to communicate telepathically during morning minyan to the degree that she can raise an eyebrow and I know it means ‘rabbi you moved the belt for the torah too far on the bimah and now I can’t reach it.’ Here’s the thing I’ve never told anyone. When I started leading Thursday morning minyan at beth shalom four years ago Ira Frank paused the service and said ‘does anybody have an el male’ and I froze and thought ‘what in the fresh hell is this?’ Now, here’s the thing I know after 20 years in the rabbinate - every conservative synagogue thinks they do things exactly like every other conservative synagogue. But the reality is that while some have been saying page 87 faithfully every week since 1951, others have been skipping from 160 to 164 without fail every week, and generally the reasons for such things are because a religious services committee, after two and a half years of arguing about it, mandated it back in 1951 and moving forward everyone thinks it was handed down from Moses at Sinai. And so, in all of the other Conservative shuls I’ve been to, mostly on the West coast mind you, those who are observing yahrtzeit don’t come up for el male. But here we do.

And that means I sing el male a lot. Which is hard, because its an intense prayer, and of course it might then have a tendency to lose its intensity if I have to say four of them back to back to back to back. But because this is a person that someone loved very dearly, someone elses ‘lopped the tops off of strawberries’ taught me a life lesson person, I must say it with presence and meaning for them. So here’s the thing I’ve never told any of you. I sing the prayer slightly differently every single time, for every single person. I stretch a syllable for this one, and squish it for another. I pitch up in a spot for that persons mother but pitch way down for that persons husband. I warble the word rachamim for Chaim Yankel but hold the note on that word a little longer for Sarah Frumah. It gives the prayer a little more meaning - if not for the mourner, then at least for me.

And I feel like I have to, because those words ‘tzor bitzor hachaim’ - to be bound up in the bonds of life - demand that each of our deceased be treated like fingerprints, or like snow flakes. They were all somebody’s lop the tops off the strawberry person, and they each taught us how to live with purpose, and so they deserve the smallest kindness from me in trying to find a way to make them special. Because 
 ובאמת חומר האדם גם מכל הנבראים.
In truth, the physical matter of a person is more crude than all that was created. 
 כי האדם נברא שישלים את עצמו במעשיו.
But a person was created such that they make themselves complete by their actions.

…

That is a big reason why so many of you are here today to remember, to pray the holy and sacred prayer of yizkor. Someone in your life who was very special to you taught you something very foundational to who you are. And maybe that was something equally small like the right way to cut the top off a strawberry. And yizkor is about giving thanks and binding up in the bonds of life our departed, by remembering the lessons they taught us - that memory of them is tzarur - bound - to us in our actual lives bitzror hachaim. And also, each and every day the ways in which we live towards each other - with kindness and compassion, with acts of justice and righteousness, in honesty and sincerity - we honor our departed by the lessons they taught us, which we will invariably pass on not only to our children but to everyone around us in the ways we listen to another person patiently when they are down or go out of our way for each other when we need it - or when we show courage or leadership. 

Because as much as we are, in the words of the sfat emet,  physical matter of a person is more crude than all that was created, we are also made up of stardust and strawberry tops and Divine matter and we are bound up in the bonds of life by every one around us now and everyone that came before us. We remember to get the most out of life, every last bit of the red part of the strawberry, by remembering those who taught us to live with intention, and we honor their memory by living our lives as they would, or maybe even a little better, each and every day. Good yontiff, shabbat shalom.

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Pete Hegseth is my piñata (exegetically speaking) -  Shmini 5786 -

4/11/2026

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There is only one thesis for this dvar torah, but there’s a high-falutin’ academic version of it, and a spicier, more topical and current events-y version of it.

The academic question I pose today is this: what are the legitimate boundaries of scriptural interpretation and exegesis? What are the rules and limitations by which we might derive the authoritative meaning of a so-called Divine text in order to discern what is God’s will for us in terms of moral and ethical behavior?

The more controversial way to ask that question is this: how on earth can Secretary of Defense Pete Hegseth claim that the Bible clearly says it is America’s moral destiny to vanquish her enemies in war, whenever and wherever they please? Can the Bible really be used to prove with prophetic endorsement that God has beknighted America with Divine authority to rule over all other nations?

I think you all know enough to know that at least this second thesis about Pete Hegseth is something of a setup. It is patently absurd to use the Bible in the modern era to prove categorically that God is militarily on your side, and that God has granted you the authority to make pre-emptive war whenever and wherever you please, because you are God’s chosen people. To some degree, I’m gonna put this guy and his <sarcastic air quotes> ^^ biblical interpretation ^^ up like a pinata and beat the crap out it for a while in this sermon. And yet, I’m speaking about this today to alert you to the fact that our Secretary of Defense, the sixth-in-line to be president of the united states, has regularly invoked Christianity and Jesus as the basis for why and how the US engages in warfare.

I learned of this from an NPR show called ‘on the media’, led by journalist Brooke Gladstone, who interviewed a Baptist minister named Brian Kaylor who has been keeping an eye on the public monthly Pentagon prayer service that Hegseth leads, and the words and choice of verses that Hegseth uses, and is ringing the alarm bell that our military leadership uses scripture to justify violence. That was surprising to me, considering that Jewish prayer generally does not do that, and it was especially surprising to me because of the quotations from scripture that Hegseth has been using to invoke violence - they come from Psalms, and Jeremiah, and Exodus, and Samuel. In other words, the Jewish bible. And that peaked my interest. How do Jews read the Bible and come away with one approach to prayer, and another group of people - a group of Christian warhawks read the same bible and reach opposite conclusions? And is any read of the bible legitimate, or is it truly and fully ‘in the eye of the beholder’?

I’ve been thinking about this question long before I’d ever heard of Pete Hegseth. I remember perhaps more than 20 years ago reading the line we say every day in morning prayer in the song of the seas - “adonai ish milchamah, adonai shemo markevot paro vecheilo yarah bayam - God is a man of war, Adonai is God’s name, the chariots of Pharoah and his soldiers were thrown into the sea.” And I would think to myself - what does that mean ‘God is a man of war’? The simplest answer that fits the needs of a contemporary human in prayer is that God is present with a soldier when they go into battle - that God is with you when you fight. This would be a comforting idea if I were in the military, and so I can see a reasonable application of this verse. But what other interpretations could there be? Well, we could apply it in situ - only at that moment in the bible - to understand that it was God’s Divine will to lure the Egyptians into the red sea and then close the seas upon Pharoah and his army. 

By the way, the keen reader will note that this account of the parting and collapsing of the red sea in Exodus 15 directly contradicts the version one chapter earlier in Exodus 14 verse 28, where it says 

וַיָּשֻׁבוּ הַמַּיִם וַיְכַסּוּ אֶת־הָרֶכֶב וְאֶת־הַפָּרָשִׁים לְכֹל חֵיל פַּרְעֹה הַבָּאִים אַחֲרֵיהֶם בַּיָּם לֹא־נִשְׁאַר בָּהֶם עַד־אֶחָד׃

The waters turned back and covered the chariots and the riders—Pharaoh’s entire army that followed them into the sea; not one of them remained.

So did the waters collapse on them, or did God pick up all their chariots from off of dry land and chuck them into the water? The medieval commentators have a lot of fun with this problem. But the point is, if we are restricting the song of the sea poem this past  Wednesday, the seventh day of Pesach, to referring only to God, the man of war, in the biblical event of the red sea crossing, then God is simply being thanked for making war that one time on the Egyptians. I have a third interpretation that you might like. Adonai ish milchamah - God is a man of war - could be taken to mean that God is keenly understanding of the suffering of combat veterans. Witnessing war and violence as either a neutral bystander or a combatant causes a lasting psychological reaction that can produce stress and anxiety and can be disabling or debilitating - a disorder that was once called shell shock or battle fatigue and is now referred to as post traumatic stress disorder, or PTSD. I know a little about PTSD because I’ve experienced it myself, having witnessed a violent incident when I lived in Israel in 2004. Adonai ish milchamah, to me, means that God is with those who suffer PTSD, because God has been in those situations too and knows what you are going through. God knows the struggle of the widow and the orphan and the stranger, and sympathizes with them, and is with them, and in the same way, God knows the plight of the soldier experiencing PTSD and sympathizes with them, and is with them.

Pete Hegseth, of course, does not utilize any of these interpretations. In December Hegseth brought his favorite pastor, Franklin Graham, to the Pentagon, to preach a Christmas mass, and Graham said, “"We know that God loves, but did you know that God also hates? Do you know that God also is a God of war? Many people don't want to think about that or forget that.”

Graham goes on to justify this God of war argument by reading from a passage in the Hebrew Bible, which in that time and place was a call to genocide - a kind of no holds barred warfare. Samuel is telling King Saul to go and kill Amalek and all their cattle and sheep and their women and children. You’re all familiar with - First samuel chapter 15 - because we read it about 4 weeks ago - it’s the Haftarah to Shabbat Zachor. And you’re all aware that the Jewish tradition has - for centuries - understood the call to war against Amalek as a spiritual war against the forces of evil. And you all know that we read the verses in Samuel in situ and allegorically, much like we read the verse in song of the sea. Hegseth was reading it at the Pentagon prayer service literally - as a justification for a removal of all barriers and guardrails from US soldiers in combat - as a biblical injunction to ignore inconvenient things like the Geneva conventions or morality or the US military code of conduct when our soldiers go out to war.

In March,at the prayer service which coincided with the beginning of the war in Iran, Hegseth used a mix of Psalm 144 and Jeremiah 50 when he said “ Almighty God, who trains our hands for war and fingers for battle. You who stirred the nations from the north against Babylon of old, making her land a desolation where none dwell.” Psalm 144 is a prayer for soldiers that starts the way Hegseth quoted it, but then pivots to asking God to vanquish Israel’s enemies on the battlefield with lightning. It has two lines you will all be familiar with - one that gets imported into the Yom Kippur liturgy about fragile mortality:

יְהֹוָה מָה־אָדָם וַתֵּדָעֵהוּ בֶּן־אֱנוֹשׁ וַתְּחַשְּׁבֵהוּ׃
O ETERNAL One, what are mortals that You should care about them, human beings, that You should think of them?
אָדָם לַהֶבֶל דָּמָה יָמָיו כְּצֵל עוֹבֵר׃
They are like a breath; their days are like a passing shadow.
And the final line of 144 which we said about 10 minutes ago - 
אַשְׁרֵי הָעָם שֶׁכָּכָה לּוֹ אַשְׁרֵי הָעָם שֱׁיְהֹוָה אֱלֹהָיו׃ {פ}
Happy the people who have it so; happy the people whose God is the ETERNAL.

In other words, in context, these verses are about human mortality and fragility and that we call on God to protect us if we should go to combat. 

Hegseth used these verses differently, saying: “Grant this task force clear and righteous targets for violence. Surround them as a shield. Protect the innocent and blameless in their midst. Make their arrows like those of a skilled warrior who returned not empty-handed. Let every round find its mark against the enemies of righteousness and our great nation.  Give them wisdom in every decision, endurance for the trial ahead, unbreakable unity, and overwhelming violence of action against those who deserve no mercy.”

Hegseth is doing something all clergy do - which is take scripture and interpret it for today - nothing wrong with that. But the pastors he cites and calls upon to direct the legitimate manner of interpretation play by some rules that are anathema to the way Judaism interprets Torah and Tanakh. Hegseth’s pastors, Graham and a man named Brooks Potteiger invoke American Christianity in a hyper-Calvanist “we are God’s will because we are God’s elect and the most mighty nation on earth” understanding. There’s a mismosh of a belief in Jesus and armageddon and might makes right and that we cannot fail because God and Jesus are behind the US Military.

To be sure, this theology does exist in the Torah - much of Isaiah and Jeremiah and Deuteronomy effectively say a sort of inverse version of that - IF the Jewish people keep the commandments and are moral, God will protect us from our enemies. BUT IF we do not obey the Torah, then the Babylonian or the Assyrian or the Egyptian or the Persian Empire will rise up as the mighty fist of God and give us our just punishments. And thus the Tanakh understands the vanquishing of Israel’s armies in 722 BCE and 586 BC as punishment for our losing our way.  

Hegseth reads these verses in Psalms and Jeremiah out of context and upside down - BECAUSE America is so great and follows Jesus and BECAUSE God made us obviously the greatest nation on earth, we WILL defeat all comers, namely, this time, the literal modern day Persian Empire. It’s magical thinking. And it is illegitimate use of holy text for militant and violent purposes, and its end result is hubris and self-righteousness that will end in disaster.
It’s also an application of the Torah that went out of favor in Judaism about 2000 years ago. When the Roman empire smashed the Great Revolt in 70 CE, and again smashed the Bar Kochba revolt in 135 CE, the rabbis that wrote the Talmud deemphasized war, and statehood, and kingship, and armies, and Divine prophetic inevitability tied to violence. Having been the victims of violence by a powerful empire that utterly desolated the land of Israel, the rabbis of the talmud interpret the Bible going forward to teach us that we do not force God’s hand in global geopolitical matters through violence and the amassing of power. We are a spiritual people who are Jews not because we are bound to one land or one temple or one king by our might and armies. We are the people of the book and the people who act through commandedness, not prophetic calls to arms.

And I will add that Jews are guilty of this too. About 15 years ago a rabbi in Israel wrote a book called Torat HaMelekh - laws of the king - justifying Jewish violence against non-Jews for any purpose using this same kind of textual cherry-picking and illegitimate anti-moral justifications for violence. The book was roundly condemned and is mostly ignored today, but there are elements in Israel who dangerously use preferred parts of the Torah as theological justification to ignore moral laws in other parts of the Torah, and we should all be vigilant against this kind of perversion of Torah to illegitimate ends.
​

The legitimate path in Judaism of scriptural interpretation came through learning the hard way about violence, but the rules have been laid down and followed by your rabbis for literally 2000 years. We are taught by a rabbinic midrash the following:

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Our Torah portion today, Shmini, is the story of two men, Nadav and Abihu, who brought an inappropriate offering on the altar that ended disastrously. Our words and our interpretations of Torah are the metaphorical equivalent today of offerings on that altar, and they should be holy and pure, and when they are not holy and pure, things end badly for all involved. May all our words be pure and holy. When you see Torah being twisted for evil by others, call it out for what it is.Meanwhile, may we all strive to read Torah within a moral context of right and just action with deliberation and context and humility - for Torah’s sake and not for our own sake or with any ulterior motives. Shabbat Shalom.
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    Divrei Torah

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